Turning toxic cigarette butt waste into the sensor material for the sensitive determination of antihypertensive drug trandolapril from its dosage form and biological samples

Abstract

The findings of this study revealed that hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of filter parts of smoked cigarette butts generates carbonaceous materials that have porosity and high surface area (1012 m(2) g(-1)). This method is relatively eco-friendly because it performed in closed system and under mild conditions. In this study, porous carbon obtained from HTC of smoked cigarette filters was applied in an electroanalytical drug analysis. The surface morphology and chemical structure of the as-prepared materials were illuminated using with different techniques. The voltammetric behavior of antihypertensive drug trandolapril (TRD) was investigated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) that modified by cigarette filter derived char/Nitrogen doped carbon spheres (c-char/NCS). The electrooxidation of TRD was demonstrated a diffusion-controlled fashion at pH 3.0 phosphate buffer (PB) solution. The calibration curve was linear between 8 x 10(-8) and 8 x 10(-5) M. The detection limit (LOD) was obtained as 1.09 x 10(-10) M in pH 3.0 PB solution and 2.57 x 10(-8) M in human serum samples by DPV. We try to show that the novel electrochemical sensor was easily applied for the determination of TRD using various carbon structures produced from urea and filter parts of cigarette butts.