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Differences in foot pressure distribution of males with and without basketball training in early adolescence
(MRE PRESS, 2025) Kırıkoğlu, N; Pekel, AÖ; Ceylan, T; Eliöz, M; Yavaşoğlu, B; Beykümül, A; Kurt, KA; Çalışan, HY; Baykal, C; Karaman, M; Türkoğlu, H; Ceylan, L
Background: In this study, the Rsscan V9 (RsScan International, Olen, Bel & ccedil;ika) foot scanning system was used to determine the potential foot pressure distribution and foot contact times of individuals in early adolescence who did not receive sports training and those who received regular basketball training. Methods: The study involved 120 adolescent volunteers aged 11-14 years of which 60 did not receive sports training, and the other 60 received basketball training in Ankara for at least two years. The sociodemographic data of the study participants were documented. The foot pressure analyses were carried out in both fixed and moving postures. Results: When pressure values were compared between adolescents with and without basketball training, statistically significant differences were found between Q1 (left forefoot pressure) and Q2 (right forefoot pressure) values. Specifically the mean value (p < 0.05) of Q2 (right forefoot pressure) variable was higher in basketball participants compared to non-athletes. In non-athletes, Q1 (left forefoot pressure) (p < 0.05) was significantly higher than in participants who received basketball training. Similarly, with regard to the left forefoot pressure duration (left ms) variable, participants with basketball training showed significantly higher mean scores than non-athletes (p < 0.001). The findings revealed that there were differences in pressure imbalances and ground contact times between basketball players and non-players. Conclusions: If not controlled regularly, pressure imbalances can lead to serious discomfort in the feet, knees, hips and lower back, and serious injuries can be prevented if detected early. Minor injuries that develop due to repetitive movements and stress on joints from years of training can be treated early, and preventive applications can becarried out by recognising potential injuries. For this reason, it is recommended that basketball players have a regular foot pressure analysis carried out at the start of the season.
Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Diaphragm and Abdominal Wall Muscle Thickness with Fatty Liver Density in Elderly Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
(MDPI, 2025) Gökçelik, E; Yılmaz, C; Budak, C; Soylu, HH; Bayrakdaroğlu, S; Ceylan, Hİ; Muntean, RI; Küçük, H; Ceylan, L
Background and Objectives: Post-menopausal estrogen decline is considered a contributing factor to sarcopenia, and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) may provide benefits in this demographic. This study examined the impact of a four-week IMT program on diaphragm thickness, abdominal wall muscle thickness (AWMT; transversus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique), and liver fat percentage in healthy elderly women. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six women aged 60-80 years were randomly assigned to an IMT group (n = 13) or a control group (n = 13). The IMT group used the PowerBreathe (R) Classic device at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), with weekly increments of 10%. Training was performed twice daily, five days per week, with 30 breathing cycles per session (60 per day). The control group maintained their usual routines. AWMT, diaphragm thickness (DT), and fatty liver density (FLD) were measured by a radiologist before and after the intervention. Results: After four weeks, the IMT group showed significant improvements in all parameters compared to controls. Mid-diaphragm thickness (MDT) increased by 11.44% (effect size (ES) = 0.358, p < 0.001) versus 0.76% in controls (p = 0.271). Posterior diaphragm thickness (PDT) improved by 7.48% (ES = 0.282, p < 0.001) versus 0.38% (p = 0.564). Right AWMT increased by 12.7% (ES = 0.492, p < 0.001) compared to 0.10% (p = 0.872), and left AWMT increased by 9.93% (ES = 0.395, p < 0.001) versus 2.64% (p = 0.014). FLD improved by 11.79% (ES = 0.959, p < 0.001) in the IMT group, while the control group showed no meaningful change (-0.13%, p = 0.847). Conclusions: A short-term IMT protocol significantly enhanced diaphragm and AWMT and reduced liver fat in elderly women. These findings support the use of IMT as a simple, non-invasive intervention to preserve musculoskeletal and metabolic health in aging populations.
Effects of inspiratory muscle training on 1RM performance and body composition in professional natural bodybuilders
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Çelikel, BE; Yılmaz, C; Demir, A; Sezer, SY; Ceylan, L; Ceylan, T; Tan, ÇT
Background The effect of inspiratory muscle training on upper limbs One Rep Maximum (1RM) in professional natural bodybuilders is still unclear. Our aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a 6 weeks inspiratory muscle training on 1RM results.Methods This study included 14 athletes, that had participated in international bodybuilding competitions. Each athlete had been training for minimum of 5 years and at least 5 h per week. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and control (CON) groups. The IMT group and CON group consisted of seven subjects. While the control group continued with the normal training regime, the IMT group additionally performed inspiratory muscle training with the resistance setting of the PowerBreathe (R) Classic device set to 40% of the participant's MIP. Prior to and during the 6-week training period, the bench press 1 RM, anthropometry, pulmonary function tests, and maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressure measurements were obtained. A nutrition protocol developed by a qualified dietician was implemented for each athlete.Results The mean maximal strength of the respiratory muscle training group changed by 14.39%, whereas that of the control group changed by 9.43% (p = 0.012). The changes in the mean FVC (p = 0.000), FEV1 (p = 0.001), PEF (p = 0.064), MIP (p = 0.001), and maximal expiratory pressure (p = 0.017) were greater in the IMT group. The mean circumferences of the shoulder (p = 0.004), chest (p = 0.008), arm (p = 0.004), and neck (p = 0.003) improved more in the IMT group than in the CON group. A reduction in abdominal measurement was observed in the IMT group (p = 0.039), whereas no notable discrepancy was identified in body fat percentage (p = 0.295).Conclusion In conclusion we identified that the addition of progressive loading inspiratory muscle training for competition preparation programs in professional natural bodybuilders will further improve their respiratory function, respiratory muscle strength, maximal strength, and muscle development. This research provides valuable insights into how IMT influences bodybuilding training outcomes, potentially guiding future interventions and program designs to better support strength development and body composition in bodybuilding training contexts.
Exploring how cognitive-behavioral physical activity links ruminative thinking and mental wellbeing in sports high school adolescents
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Derelioğlu, M; Vural, M; Çimen, E; Sakı, Ü; Saraçoğlu, YY; Karataş, B; Saç, A; Yamaner, E; Halmatov, M; Yılmaz, C; Öztaş, M; Arıkan, G; Ceylan, L
Introduction: This study examined the associations among ruminative thinking style (RTS), subjective wellbeing (SWB), and cognitive-behavioral physical activity (CBPA) in a sample of 1,326 adolescents (aged 14-18) from sports high schools. Method: Using validated self-report measures, data were analyzed through bootstrapped mediation models. Results: RTS was negatively associated with SWB (beta = -0.1792, p < 0.001), while CBPA showed a partial mediating effect in this relationship (indirect beta = 0.0779, p < 0.001). Discussion: These results suggest that cognitive-behavioral orientations toward physical activity may buffer the negative impact of rumination on wellbeing. Consistent with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) principles, CBPA could provide adolescents with self-regulatory strategies that support mental health. However, the cross-sectional and self-report design, as well as the focus on sports high school students, limit causal inference and generalizability. Future longitudinal and cross-cultural studies are needed to confirm these findings. Overall, the study provides preliminary evidence that CBPA-informed approaches may hold promise for promoting adolescents' mental wellbeing.
Impact of an 8-week high-intensity bodyweight interval training on body composition and blood lipid metabolism in young women with overweight
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Yamaner, E; Turgut, T; Aksoy, A; Demirkıran, B; Uçar, MA; Başoğlu, B; Çamiçi, F; Yanar, MS; Bülbül, A; Koç, AF; Ceylan, T; Ceylan, L; Küçük, H
Background A physically inactive lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of obesity, dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders, especially in women. While high-intensity training methods have been extensively studied in male populations, the physiological and metabolic effects of high-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) in overweight women are understudied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week HIIRT program on body composition and lipid metabolism in women.Methods A total of 30 women (mean age: 23.13 +/- 4.03 years, mean BMI: 31.21 +/- 2.92 kg/m2) participated in an 8-week HIIRT program. Body composition was measured before and after the intervention using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), while blood lipid parameters (triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL) were analyzed. Paired-sample t-tests were performed to determine the significance of the changes in body composition and lipid metabolism, using Cohen's d effect size for interpretation.Results The HIIRT program led to significant improvements in body composition, with body weight decreasing by 11.4 kg (p = 0.001, d = 0.96) and fat percentage decreasing by 3.1% (p = 0.001, d = 0.92). In addition, blood lipid profiles improved significantly, with triglycerides (-8.9 mg/dL, p = 0.001, d = 0.81, medium effect), total cholesterol (-19.7 mg/dL, p = 0,020, d = 1.98, large effect), and LDL (-8.2 mg/dL, p = 0.004, d = 1.96, large effect) decreased, while HDL increased by +10 mg/dL (p = 0.006, d >= 2.0, very large effect). These results underline the positive effects of HIIRT on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health.Conclusion The results suggest that HIIRT is an effective and time-efficient training model for improving body composition and metabolic health in women. The combination of high-intensity interval training principles with resistance exercise optimizes fat oxidation, improves fat metabolism and supports cardiovascular function. Given its efficacy, HIIRT could be a valuable strategy for treating metabolic disorders and reducing the risks of physically inactive behavior. Future research should focus on long-term adaptations and individual variability in metabolic responses to optimize HIIRT programs for broader populations.
Impact of Exercise on Psychological Well-Being in Patients with Pediatric Cancer: An Experimental Study
(MDPI, 2025) Koç, K; Arslan, T; Pepe, O; Kaynak, K; Yüce, MS; Dalbudak, I; Atar, OÖ; Koçyiğit, B; Bayıroğlu, GB; Ünver, S; Küçük, H; Ceylan, L; Şahin, FN
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of exercise on psychological disorders in patients receiving childhood cancer treatment. Methods: The study group consisted of patients with cancer between the ages of 9 and 17 who were treated in the Hematology-Oncology units of Erciyes University. For the sample group, children with cancer were informed about the content of the study, and 40 children with cancer agreed to participate in the study voluntarily. The volunteers were divided into two groups, control and experimental, each consisting of 20 people. For the pre-test, participants completed a socio-demographic information form, as well as the Kovacs Depression scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the pediatric cancer quality of life scale for children. Volunteers in the experimental group engaged in aerobic and strength exercises for an eight-week period. The study was completed with 8 volunteers in the control group and 14 volunteers in the experimental group due to various factors, such as voluntary withdrawal, disease progression, and mortality. After this period, the volunteers were asked to complete the same scales once more as a post-test. The SPSS 22.00 statistical analysis program was used. The independent samples t-test was employed to compare the pre-test and post-test findings of the control and experimental groups, while the paired samples t-test was used for within-group evaluations. Results: In the within-group comparisons, significant differences were observed in favor of the post-test scores in the experimental group for both the anxiety scale (p < 0.05, Mean: 8.14) and the quality-of-life child form (p < 0.05, Mean: 38.14). For intergroup comparisons, significant differences were found in favor of the experimental group in terms of post-test scores of depression (p < 0.05, mean: 10.57) and anxiety scales (p < 0.05, mean: 8.14). Conclusions: It is postulated that this outcome stems from the positive effects of sports activities in helping children undergoing cancer treatment distance themselves from their psychological adversities.
Inspiratory muscle training in natural bodybuilders: adaptations in diaphragm muscle thickness and maximal strength
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Güler, İ; Yılmaz, C; Soylu, HH; Birinci, MC; Arslan, A; Ocak, H; Çayır, H; Kavuran, K; Saç, A; Uçar, MA; Karataş, B; Ceylan, L
Background: The effect of inspiratory muscle training on diaphragm muscle thickness (DT) and one repetition maximal (1RM) in professional natural bodybuilders is still unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle training on diaphragm muscle thickness and 1RM in professional natural bodybuilders. Methods: The study comprised a total of 22 athletes who participated in bodybuilding competitions. Each athlete had undergone a minimum of 5 years of training, with a minimum weekly commitment of 5 hours. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and control (CON). The CON continued their normal training regime, while the IMT group also performed inspiratory muscle training with a 10% weekly increase by setting the resistance setting of the PowerBreathe (R) Classic device to 40% of the participant's maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP). Prior to and during the 4-week training period, 1RM bench press measurements and diaphragm muscle thickness measurements were obtained. Results: In the comparison of 1RM power values before and after training, it was determined that the IMT group (%: 11.20) had 6.3% more post-activation performance enhancement compared to the CON group (%: 4.9) (p < 0.001). In the study, it was determined that a higher level of significant post-activation performance enhancement was obtained in the IMT group compared to the CON group in the diaphragm muscle thickness inspiratory phase (DT ins) and ekspiratory phase (DT eks) parameters at 20.36% and 19.46%, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, we determined that the addition of progressive loading inspiratory muscle training to preparation programmes in natural bodybuilders will improve diaphragm muscle thickness, 1RM physical performance. In particular, it shows that the diaphragm muscle should be considered not only as a muscle that supports respiration, but also as a muscle that contributes to power generation by optimising intra-abdominal pressure.
Isokinetic Knee Strength as a Predictor of Performance in Elite Ski Mountaineering Sprint Athletes
(MDPI, 2025) Kural, B; Çağlar, EC; Uçar, MA; Özer, U; Yentürk, B; Çayır, H; Çelik, NM; Çimen, E; Arıkan, G; Ceylan, L
Background and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between isokinetic knee strength and competition performance in elite male ski mountaineering sprint athletes and to identify strength parameters that predict performance and contribute to injury prevention. Materials and Methods: Thirteen male athletes participating in the Ski Mountaineering Turkey Cup final stage were included. Isokinetic knee flexion (FLX) and extension (EXT) strength of dominant (DM) and non-dominant (NDM) legs were measured at angular velocities of 60 degrees/s and 180 degrees/s using the DIERS-Myolin Isometric Muscle Strength Analysis System. Competition performance was evaluated using the ISMF scoring system. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 with Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses after normality, linearity, and homoscedasticity checks. Results: Strong positive correlations were found between hamstring strength at high angular velocities (180 degrees/s) and performance (DM FLX: r = 0.809; NDM FLX: r = 0.880). Extension strength showed moderate correlations at low velocities (60 degrees/s) (DM EXT: r = 0.677; NDM EXT: r = 0.699). Regression analysis revealed that DM FLX at 180 degrees/s and DM EXT at 60 degrees/s explained 49% of performance variance (Adj. R2 = 0.498). For NDM legs, only 180 degrees/s FLX was a significant predictor (beta = 1.468). Conclusions: High-velocity hamstring strength plays a critical role in ski mountaineering sprint performance, particularly during sudden directional changes and dynamic balance. Quadriceps strength at low velocities contributes to prolonged climbing phases. Moreover, identifying and addressing bilateral strength asymmetries may support injury prevention strategies in elite ski mountaineering athletes. These findings provide scientific support for designing training programs targeting explosive hamstring strength, bilateral symmetry, and injury risk reduction, essential for optimizing performance in the 2026 Winter Olympics sprint discipline.
Methodological Approach to Predicting Lower Limb Blood Flow Restriction Pressure Using Anthropometry and Hemodynamics
(MDPI, 2025) Yaşar, OM; Gürses, VV; Ciğerci, AE; Güler, Ö; Turgut, M; Gürkan, O; Baş, M; Özdenk, S; Şahin, FN; Ceylan, L; Küçük, H
Blood flow restriction (BFR) training, first introduced by Dr. Yoshiaki Sato as KAATSU, has attracted increasing interest in sports science. Although the BFR training method has several additional benefits, the way occlusion pressure is identified contributes to BFR usability and safety. This study aims to develop and validate a predictive model for estimating individualized LOP with manual technique by examining the influence of blood pressure, fat percentage, limb circumference, and BMI as independent variables. A total of 158 healthy male adults participated in the study. Subjects with cardiovascular, metabolic, or musculoskeletal disorders, as well as those using supplements, medications, or nicotine, were excluded from the study. The cross-sectional study examined the correlation between the variables and derived a regression equation for predicting the corresponding LOP and anthropometric values. Three measurements were taken and the arithmetic mean was calculated from these measurements. It is evident that body mass index (BMI) emerged as a significant contributing factor in predicting limb occlusion pressure (LOP), outpacing traditional anthropometric variables such as limb circumference or body fat percentage. The regression model accounted for 18% of the variance in LOP (R2 = 0.18), with a standard error of estimate (SEE) of 20.5 mmHg, suggesting moderate predictive capacity. Future work should investigate vascular factors and technological development in BFR devices for optimal pressure calibration to improve the efficacy of individualized BFR training.
Muay Thai exercises improve quality of life, love of life and self-control
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Şahin, O; Yılmaz, C; Sezer, SY; Şahin, FN; Ceylan, L; Çelikel, BE; Tan, CT; Uçar, MA; Kırıkoğlu, N
Background The existing research on Muay Thai sports has focused predominantly on the physiological effects of training, with limited attention devoted to the study of quality of life, love of life and self-control. The present study examined the effects of Muay Thai exercises on quality of life, love of life and self-control scores in healthy male subjects. Methods The present study comprised 50 healthy sedentary male subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: one group engaged in Muay Thai training (MTT), while the other group served as a control group (CON). The sample sizes for the MTT and CON groups were both 25. The MTT group participated in basic Muay Thai training, while the CON group continued their normal life regime. The SF-12 quality of life scale, love of life scale and multidimensional self-control scale were administered before and after the six-week training period. Results The study concluded that the six-week Muay Thai training program had a significant effect on quality of life levels, with 13.23% (p = 0.003) and 21.93% (p < 0.001) of participants demonstrating improvements in physical and mental scores, respectively. In terms of self-control levels, the program was found to have a significant effect on initiation and inhibition scores, with increases of 23.78% (p = 0.001) and 24.69% (p < 0.001), respectively. It was concluded that had a significant effect on the sub-dimensions of the Love of Life scale with increases of Positive Attitude Toward Life (PAWL) 18.63% (p < 0.001), Happy Results of the Love of Life (HRLL) 20.11% (p < 0.001) and Meaningfulness of Life (ML) 15.62% (p < 0.001), respectively. However, no significant differences were detected in any of the scales within the control group. Conclusion Muay Thai exercises had a positive effect on quality of life, love of life and self-control levels in healthy male subjects. By providing valuable insights into how Muay Thai exercise affects quality of life, love of life, and self-control, this research can guide future intervention and program design in the context of sport psychology.
Rapid weight loss and combat athletes: a study on psychological resilience and mechanical hyperalgesia
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Çağlar, EC; Ceylan, L; Ermiş, SA; Çamiçi, F; Eliöz, M; Uzun, RN; Çiçek, G; Kusan, M; Bayraktar, MT; Şahin, FN; Küçük, H
Introduction: The study investigates the effects of Rapid Weight Loss (RWL) on the levels of psychological resilience and mechanical pain sensitivity in elite kickboxers. The primary aim was to examine changes in psychological resilience subdimensions and pressure pain threshold (PPT) values in the thoracolumbar region before and after a one-month RWL period leading up to competition. Hypotheses included expectations of significant reductions in PPT values due to biomechanical and physiological changes during RWL, along with improvements in psychological resilience subdimensions due to structured routines and social support. Methods: Thirty-seven elite male athletes (age: 22.94 +/- 1.98) participated in the study. Psychological resilience was assessed using the Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults, and mechanical pain sensitivity was evaluated through Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) measurements. Measurements were conducted before and after the RWL period, spanning one month prior to competition. Results: The results revealed significant PPT values across all thoracolumbar segments after RWL (p < 0.001). Cohen's d values indicated large effect sizes for these changes (d = 2.10-2.36). The L5 segment exhibited the largest PPT decrease (t = -10.45, d = 2.36), while the Th1 segment showed the smallest decrease (t = -8.23, d = 2.10). Measurements taken at 4 cm from the spine midline also demonstrated significant PPT reductions (p < 0.001), with the highest change recorded in the L5 segment (t = -9.78, d = 2.30). Psychological resilience subdimensions, including structured style, social competence, future orientation, and social resources, improved significantly after RWL (p < 0.05), while family cohesion and personal strength did not show significant changes. Athletes who previously ranked in tournaments exhibited higher psychological resilience, potentially due to enhanced self-confidence. Discussion: These findings align with literature suggesting that competitive success and optimism play crucial roles in resilience development. Personality traits and perceived social support further contributed to the observed resilience levels. This study highlights the multidimensional impact of RWL, emphasizing its detrimental effects on pain sensitivity and its mixed outcomes on psychological resilience. RWL-associated increases in mechanical hyperalgesia, especially in the lumbar region, were attributed to biomechanical and neurophysiological factors. Enhanced psychological resilience observed in certain subdimensions underscores the importance of structured and social support systems in mitigating RWL-induced stress. Future research should explore interventions to optimize resilience and manage pain during RWL periods, focusing on individualized support strategies for athletes. These findings contribute to understanding the interplay between psychological and physiological factors during RWL, practical insights for athletic training.
Short-term resistance training enhances functional and physiological markers in older women: implications for biomechanical and health interventions in aging
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Uçar, MA; Yılmaz, C; Soylu, HH; Sarıakçalı, B; Budak, C; Kavuran, K; Durmuşoğlu, MV; Ceylan, L
Background: The impact of resistance training extends beyond the enhancement of muscle strength, encompassing improvements in physical performance, postural stability, and overall functional capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-week resistance training program on functional capacity, respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness, and liver density in healthy older women. Methods: The study included 30 healthy women aged 60-80 years and was designed as a randomized controlled experimental trial. Participants were randomly assigned to a resistance training (RT) group or a control (CON) group. Each participant attended the laboratory on three occasions: during the initial visit, the study procedures were explained; the second visit involved baseline assessments (6MWT, diaphragm thickness and liver fat via ultrasound, and respiratory muscle strength); and final measurements were conducted after the 4-week training programme during the third visit. Results: When pre- and post-training measurements were compared, the resistance training (RT) group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement (8.02%) in the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) distance compared to the control group (p < 0.001). In terms of diaphragm thickness (DT), the RT group showed a 16.66% increase, whereas the control group exhibited a 1.13% decrease (p < 0.001). Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) increased by 12.30% in the RT group, while it decreased by 7.25% in the control group, indicating a 19.55% greater improvement in the RT group (p < 0.001). Regarding maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), a significant improvement of 21.48% was observed in the RT group, whereas a 0.75% decrease was recorded in the control group, resulting in a 22.23% greater enhancement in the RT group (p < 0.001). Finally, liver density (LD) increased by 12.30% in the RT group, while it decreased by 7.25% in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: As a result of resistance training, greater improvement was observed in functional capacity, respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness and liver density in the training group compared to the control group.
The Acute Effects of Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Core Executive Functions in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review
(MDPI, 2025) Çakaloğlu, E; Yüksel, HS; Şahin, FN; Güler, Ö; Arslanoğlu, E; Yamak, B; Aydoğmuş, M; Yaşar, OM; Gürkan, AC; Söyler, M; Ceylan, L; Küçük, H
There is growing interest in examining acute effects of exercise on cognitive functions and neurocognitive outcomes. These behavioral and neurocognitive outcomes have been most frequently investigated in healthy young individuals, but relatively few studies have examined healthy older adults. This study aimed to systematically review the effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE) on core executive functions, including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, in healthy older adults. A database search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted using a systematic search strategy. Acute MIAE interventions assessing core executive functions using randomized or stratified controlled trials investigating healthy older adults were reviewed. Eleven studies were identified, and the behavioral results from all included studies revealed that acute MIAE can improve core executive functions in healthy adults. However, incompatible results were observed in activated areas of the prefrontal cortex following MIAE in older adults. The limited number of studies investigating the effects of MIAE on core executive functions in older healthy adults with moderate overall quality restricts the conclusions. Therefore, more robust quality studies using neuroimaging techniques to investigate core executive functions, especially working memory and cognitive flexibility, are needed to explain the neural and behavioral mechanisms.
The dual impact: physiological and psychological effects of rapid weight loss in wrestling
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Sarıakçalı, B; Şahin, FN; Başoğlu, B; Ceylan, L; Güler, Ö; Yamak, B; Arıkan, G; Acar, GC; Sekban, G; Durmuşoğlu, MV; Polat, SÇ; Küçük, H
Introduction: Athletes competing in weight-class sports often seek to gain an advantage by competing at lower weights. Athletes competing in weight-class sports often seek to gain an advantage by competing at lower weights. To achieve this, they aim to lose weight during the competition period, leading to various physiological and psychological changes. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical, hormonal, and psychological effects of weight reduction in elite wrestlers during the competition phase. Methods: Thirty-seven elite male free style wrestlers (age: 19.02 +/- 1.27) participated in the study. Samples were collected 5 days before and on the day of the match. Results: A significant decrease in body weight was observed (p < 0.05). Levels of creatine, BUN, sodium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, LDH, and cortisol increased, while albumin, testosterone, and FSH levels decreased. There were no significant differences in potassium, ALT, AST, TSH levels. State and trait anxiety scores of the wrestlers increased significantly during the RWL period. Conclusion: The study concluded that elite wrestlers experienced significant changes in physiological and psychological parameters during the competition periods. These findings underscore the importance of careful monitoring of RWL strategies by coaches and athletes to mitigate the adverse effects on nutritional status, psychological well-being, and physical performance.
The Effects of FIFA 11+and Harmoknee Warm-Up Protocols on Flexibility, Vertical Jump and Shooting Speed in Female Football Players: A Comparative Study
(MDPI, 2025) Sar, H; Çelgin, GS; Arslanoğlu, C; Kızılörs, G; Arslanoğlu, E; Ceylan, L; Küçük, H
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of the FIFA 11+ and Harmoknee warm-up protocols in female football players on flexibility, vertical jump, and shooting speed performance. Methods: This study involved 17 female football players who volunteered to participate, had no history of medical conditions, maintained regular menstrual cycles (28 +/- 2 days, range: 26-33 days) in the three months preceding the study, and consistently engaged in football training. The Harmoknee and FIFA 11+ neuromuscular warm-up protocols were applied to the study group on different days, 48 h apart. After the exercises, athletes were tested for flexibility, vertical jump, and shooting speed. Two trials were allowed for each test, with a 3 min break between trials. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check for normality, and an independent sample t-test was used to compare groups. The p-value was set at <0.05 to determine statistical significance. Results: When comparing warm-up protocols, it was established that the FIFA 11+ neuromuscular warm-up protocol positively affects athletes' vertical jump performance compared to other protocols (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the FIFA 11+ warm-up protocol resulted in better vertical jump performance in female soccer players compared to the Harmoknee warm-up routine. The FIFA 11+ protocol activates leg muscles, and balance exercises improve the neuromuscular characteristics of the warm-up compared to the Harmoknee protocol.
The effects of regular training on spinal posture: a fitness and bodybuilding perspective
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Bingöl, M; Ünver, S; Mor, H; Berk, Y; Ceylan, T; Derebaşı, DG; Aydın, YN; Akman, T; Küçük, H; Ceylan, L
Background:Regular training is associated with better postural alignment, decreased risk of musculoskeletal problems, and improved overall physical function. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the spinal postures of individuals who regularly engage in fitness and bodybuilding training. Methods; A total of 252 male individuals between the ages of 20-28 (mean age: 23.71 +/- 1.81 years), who either engage in fitness and bodybuilding training (athletes) (n = 125; age 23.61 +/- 1.78 years; sports age 5 +/- 0.89 years) and those who do not engage in sports (sedentary) (n = 127; age 23.82 +/- 1.83 years) participated in the study. A spinal Mouse device was used in the measurements. In spine measurement, all spinal protrusions from C7 to S1 were evaluated. T-test and correlation tests were used to analyze the data. Results:A statistically significant difference was detected between the athlete and sedentary groups regarding the degrees of thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral kyphosis (p < 0.05). However, no difference was observed in the upright posture (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was found that there were significant differences in some spinal curves of fitness and bodybuilding trainees compared to sedentary, but the values were within physiological limits and did not indicate negative effects. The study may provide new insights into the effects of fitness and bodybuilding training on spine health, and individuals can incorporate training with proper form and technique into their lifestyle for spinal health.
The impact of physical exercise on esports players: a monitoring perspective
(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Kusan, M; Başoğlu, B; Aydoğmuş, M; Ermiş, SA; Sekban, G; Bayraktar, MT; Durmuşoğlu, MV; Arslanoğlu, E; Öz, F; Ceylan, L; Küçük, H; Şahin, FN
Background Esports has been defined as an organized and competitive approach to playing computer games. The esports industry has grown significantly and continues to develop in recent years. Within this period, monitoring and promoting physical exercise participation among esports players is important. The main aim of this study is to examine esports players' participation in physical exercise. Another aim is to investigate the impact of physical exercise on body appreciation among esports players.Method The study involved 183 esports players (age mean: 23.26; SD: 4.30; n = 42 female, n = 141 male). Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ), and the Body Appreciation Scale.Results The analysis revealed significant differences in total physical activity and body appreciation scores and their sub-dimensions based on income level and years of esports licensing. Demographic factors such as gender, income level, and duration of esports participation were found to have notable effects on physical activity and body appreciation.Discussion Male players had higher physical activity levels and body appreciation scores than females, and individuals with higher incomes reported better body appreciation. However, an increase in the duration of esports participation led to a decrease in physical activity levels and body appreciation scores. Increasing esports players' participation in physical activity and promoting physical exercise are recommended.

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