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    Does the inspiratory muscle warm-up have an acute effect on wrestling recovery performance?
    (PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2025) Demirkan, E; Tosun, MI; Kaplan, A; Arıcı, İE; Harmancı, H; Favre, M; Cosmin, DG; Aslan, V
    This study aims to investigate the acute effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) in young wrestlers. Wrestling is a high-intensity sport that demands anaerobic metabolism, with rapid recovery and endurance playing crucial roles in subsequent performance. Inspiratory muscle warm-up specifically targets the inspiratory muscles, reducing fatigue during exercise and helping to sustain performance. Our study compares three different warm-up protocols (traditional wrestling warm-up, wrestling warm-up (WWIW) + IMW, and wrestling warm-up + placebo (WWPL)) to analyse changes in inspiratory muscle strength and select respiratory function parameters. The study was conducted with 14 male wrestlers aged 15-16. Participants were subjected to the three different warm-up protocols, followed by simulated wrestling bouts. Results showed that the WWIW protocol increased maximal inspiratory pressure by 17.3% compared to the traditional and placebo warm-ups. Additionally, the WWIW protocol delayed fatigue and improved recovery rates among the wrestlers. Specifically, WWIW enabled a faster return to normal heart rate post-competition, accelerating the recovery process. These findings suggest that WWIW can be effectively used in high-intensity sports like wrestling to enhance recovery between matches and improve overall performance. Further studies with larger sample sizes and in different sports are recommended to validate these results.
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    Inspiratory muscle warm up improves 400 m performance in elite male runners
    (NATURE PORTFOLIO, 2025) Yılmaz, YA; Tosun, MI; Demirkan, E; Can, S; Özkan, A; Arıcı, M; Kutlu, M; Ayrancı, M; Markovic, M; Arıcı, İE; Güneş, MO; Kowalski, T
    This study sought to establish an optimal inspiratory warm-up (IWU) protocol for elite 400-meter athletes. It addresses the existing gap in sprint-specific research and provides practical applications for coaches and athletes aiming to optimize sprint running performance. Across four weeks, 13 elite male runners (age: 22.7 +/- 2, personal best: 50.78 +/- 0.65 s) performed four 400-meter time trials after different warm-up protocols in a randomized order. Assessments of various respiratory variables [maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), inhaled volume (IV)] and selected physiological indices [heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (bLa)] were performed before and after the time trials. Analysis of variance with a significance level of p < 0.05 was applied. Incorporating IWU into a standard running warm-up resulted in a similar to 0.38-second faster 400-meter time trial in elite male sprinters (p < 0.001). The most effective IWU protocols, associated with the fastest run splits, consist of two sets of 30 dynamic inspiratory maneuvers performed with pressure threshold loading at 40% or 60% of MIP resistance. These protocols exhibited a positive influence on selected respiratory indices and significantly lowered post-run lactate concentrations compared to the athletic warm-up and sham protocol. IWU with 40% MIP resistance was associated with lower post-run HR compared to other protocols. IWU using pressure threshold loading at either 40% or 60% of MIP can be beneficial for elite male sprinters. While 40% MIP appears to support faster recovery, a higher intensity at 60% MIP shows greater effectiveness in enhancing 400-meter sprint performance. Future research should explore IWU applications across broader populations and conditions, including female athletes, various hypoxic environments, and temperature variations.
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    Post-training breakdown: acute effects of different training types on body hydration status and performance
    (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Demirkan, E; Tosun, MI; Kaplan, A; Ayrancı, M; Cosmin, DG; Arıcı, M; Kutlu, M; Aslan, V; Favre, M
    Objective Wrestling is a complex sport that requires a combination of strength, endurance, and wrestling-specific technical training. Endurance activities, such as running, are commonly performed for rapid weight reduction before competition. However, these activities can severely disrupt recovery and lead to significant declines in performance. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of endurance, strength, and wrestling training sessions on hydration status and performance parameters in young wrestlers, providing insights to guide more effective hydration and recovery strategies. Method A total of 14 experienced young wrestlers participated in a crossover design, completing endurance, strength, and wrestling training sessions on separate days. The hydration status was assessed through urine specific gravity (USG) before and after each session. The performance measures included hand grip strength, back and leg strength tests, anaerobic power (vertical and horizontal jumps), respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure, MIP), and reaction time assessments. Results The endurance training caused the most significant acute reductions in the hydration (USG increase: 0.016 +/- 0.005 g/cm3, p < 0.05) and body mass (BM; -1.89 +/- 0.4%, p < 0.05), along with immediate performance decrements in the back strength (-7.02 +/- 1.2%, p < 0.001), right-hand grip strength (-8.79 +/- 2.1%, p < 0.001), jump height (-7.26 +/- 1.8%, p < 0.001), and MIP (-9.01 +/- 2.3%, p < 0.001). The hydration levels in the endurance group did not fully recover by the next day (USG post-training vs. before the next day's training: p < 0.05). In contrast, the strength training improved the reaction time before the next day's session (+5.6 +/- 1.3%, p < 0.05), while the attention remained unaffected across all training types. Conclusion Endurance training-commonly used for rapid weight loss-can acutely compromise hydration and reduce key performance measures, with recovery taking more time compared to strength or wrestling sessions. Given these findings, endurance sessions should be strategically scheduled before rest days or low-intensity technical training to minimize their negative effects on subsequent performance. Implementing enhanced hydration strategies during endurance-focused sessions may also help mitigate these acute impacts and optimize recovery and performance in young wrestlers.
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    Respiratory muscle training improves aerobic capacity and respiratory muscle strength in youth wrestlers
    (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Tosun, MI; Demirkan, E; Kaplan, A; Yılmaz, YA; Arıcı, İE; Favre, M; Aslan, V; Kutlu, M
    Background: Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has shown potential for enhancing athletic performance, but its effectiveness, in youth wrestlers, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of RMT on respiratory muscle strength and aerobic endurance in youth wrestlers. Methods: A parallel-grouperal was conducted across 22 male youth wrestlers aged 14.8 +/- 0.4 years. Participants were assigned to an experimental(E) group (n = 11), which received RMT in addition to their regular wrestling training, or a control(C) group (n = 11), which continued with standard wrestling training only. The RMT was performed three times a week using the POWERbreathe Classic Blue (R) device at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). Pre- and post-intervention measurements included MIP, peak inspiratory flow (PIF), inspiratory volume (IV), and aerobic endurance assessed by the Yo-Yo Endurance Level 1 test (YYT). Results: Significant improvements were observed in the E group, with MIP increasing by 9.57%, PIF by 14.77%, and IV by 10.46% (p < 0.05 for all). Aerobic endurance, as measured by VO2max and total running distance, also significantly improved by 4.93% and 8.22%, respectively (p < 0.05). The C group showed smaller yet significant gains in MIP, PIF, and VO2max but no significant change in IV. Conclusion: The addition of RMT to traditional wrestling training significantly enhances respiratory muscle strength and aerobic endurance in youth wrestlers. These results suggest that RMT may be an effective complementary training method to improve athletic performance in this population.
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    The effect of sports on mental performance according to skill types in youth athletes
    (BMC, 2025) Alagöz, I; Demirkan, E; Özkadı, T; Yıldırım, T
    Background It is known that high-level performance in athletes is not only limited to physical competence and technical skills, but also cognitive functions such as attention, concentration, stress management and reaction time play a decisive role. The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive performance levels of athletes in different skill types (team, individual, combat, racket). Methods The study was conducted with a total of 214 athletes between the ages of 14-16 with at least three years of regular training history, including team (n = 64), individual (n = 48), racket (n = 27) and combat (n = 75). Cognitive performance measurements were made before training. Attention and concentration levels were assessed using NeuroSky MindWave EEG device, stress level was assessed using HeartMath Inner Balance device and reaction time was assessed using CatchPad device. Results Combat athletes demonstrated significantly higher cognitive scores in attention ((X) over bar = 53.77 +/- 24.86 s; F = 26.43, p < .001, eta(2) = 0.318) and concentration (<(X)over bar> = 22.51 +/- 15.90 s; F = 18.49, p < .001, eta(2) = 0.360) compared to other groups. Racket sports athletes exhibited the fastest reaction times (<(X)over bar> = 0.35 +/- 0.04 s; F = 11.66, p < .001, eta(2) = 0.184) and the highest inner balance coherence (<(X)over bar> = 1.85 +/- 0.38; F = 15.54, p < .001, eta(2) = 0.188). Significant group differences were also observed in intrinsic heart rate variability (Inner Balance Avg BPM), with combat athletes recording the highest average (<(X)over bar> = 79.48 +/- 12.18 bpm; F = 10.80, p < .001, eta(2) = 0.142). Discriminant analysis revealed a high classification success rate for racket (85.2%) and combat athletes (81.3%) based on cognitive and psychophysiological variables. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrate that different sport skill types are associated with distinct cognitive performance profiles. These results may provide valuable insight for coaches, trainers, and sport psychologists in designing branch-specific cognitive training strategies and talent identification protocols. More broadly, the study highlights the critical role of sport participation in shaping not only physical but also neurocognitive development during adolescence.
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    The surveillance and assessment of acute injuries in different age categories in national wrestling championships
    (ELSEVIER INC, 2025) Can, S; Demirkan, E; Arıcı, M; Tosun, MI; Cicioğlu, Hİ
    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to surveil the injuries in wrestling according to the different age categories and wrestling styles throughout the competition season. Methods: The study was designed as a descriptive study. The study was conducted during the wrestling competition season in 2023 (from January 2023 to July 2023), which includes 5 different age categories: U-15, U-17, U-20, U-23, and seniors, along with the Turkey National Wrestling Championships. The data of injuries was recorded immediately after the acute injury was treated by the medical expert during the competitions and evaluated according to the parameters that were obtained. In the statistical analysis, the frequency and percentage values were presented as descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test was used. Results: The study incorporated a total of 6214 wrestlers and a total of 7151 wrestling bouts were performed during these competitions. The analyses indicated that the rate of injury incidence was 42.65% in all wrestling styles. When taking account of the injured body parts in all wrestlers' exposures, the occurrence of injuries to the head-face, neck, trunk, upper extremity, and lower extremity, rates of 17.6%, 1.3%, 3.6%, 13.5%, and 6.6%, respectively, were observed. According to the pre-diagnosis based on freestyle, Greco-Roman, and female wrestling styles, injuries with bleeding (39.6%, 46.3%, and 14.6%, respectively) and muscle strain (37.9%, 28.7 %, and 52.6%, respectively) most often occurred. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that most cases of injury appeared to occur in bleeding and muscle strain in all wrestling styles. We suggest that medical experts should set up their health equipment with consideration to the injuries that occur most frequently. (c) 2024 Chinese Medical Association. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).