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    eNOS and VEGF Variants Might Increase the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
    (Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2021) Hasan Dagmura; Yigit, Serbulent; Gumusay, Ozge; Nursal, Ayse Feyda; Daldal, Emin; Karakus, Nevin
    Background: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is essential in chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. The association between variants in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and several cancers still remains uncertain. We studied whether there is a relation between eNOS/VEGF variants and risk of pancreatic cancer (PC). Materials and Methods: This prospective case-control study included 76 PC patients (28 women and 48 men) and 100 healthy controls. Blood samples from all participants were genotyped for eNOS variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) and VEGF insertion/deletion (I/D) variants by PCR. Results: There was a significant difference between groups for the eNOS intron 4 VNTR genotype distributions (p = 0.01). eNOS 4a/4b and 4b/4b genotypes were higher in patients with PC group compared to controls while eNOS 4a/4b genotype was more prevalent in control group than in patient group. Significant differences were observed between groups for the VEGF I/D variant genotype and allele frequencies (p < 0.00, and p < 0.00). VEGF I/D variant I/I genotype and I allele increased in patient group than controls. A statistically significant association was observed when the patients were compared with the controls according to D/D + D/I versus D/D (p < 0.00, OR: 0.094, 95% CI: 0.03-0.22). Conclusions: We provided evidence that eNOS VNTR and VEGF I/D variants might influence the development of PC.
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    Possible Association of PER2/PER3 Variable Number Tandem Repeat Polymorphism Variants with Susceptibility and Clinical Characteristics in Pancreatic Cancer
    (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2021) Dagmura, Hasan; Yigit, Serbulent; Nursal, Ayse Feyda; Duman, Esra; Gumusay, Ozge
    Objective: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a serious disease with poor outcomes, and its prevalence has been increasing steadily. The circadian rhythm (CR) is involved in multiple physiological events and maintains homeostasis. Alterations in the CR elevate the risk of developing cancer. The present case-control research was carried out to estimate the possible association between PERIOD2/PERIOD3 (PER2/PER3) gene variable number tandem repeat polymorphism (VNTR) variants and PC in the Turkish population. Materials and Methods: A total of 198 subjects (78 patients with PC and 120 healthy controls) were enrolled in this work. Genomic DNA was collected from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and genotype analysis was performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated using the chi(2) test. Results: The frequency of the 4R (4 repeats)/3R (3 repeats), 3R/3R genotypes, and 3R allele of PER2 VNTR in patients with PC was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0003, p = 0.00004, respectively). PER2 VNTR 4/5 genotype was related to perineural invasion (p = 0.040). The genotype and allele distribution of PER3 VNTR variant did not show any statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). PER2/PER3 VNTR 4/5-4R/3R combined genotype increased in the patient group (p = 0.013), while 4/5-4R/4R combined genotype was superior in the control group (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Our work has indicated that PER2 VNTR 3R allele may play a crucial task in the pathogenesis of PC in Turkish patients, which may become a useful marker for predicting the development of PC. Furthermore, the PER2 VNTR genotype seems to be related to perineural invasion in PC.