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Öğe Anatolian Pot Marks in the 3rd Millennium BC: Signage, Early State Formation, and Organization of Production(Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2020) Hacar, Abdullah; Yener, K. AslihanThis study presents new information and interpretation of pot marks applied specifically on Anatolian Metallic Ware that are dated to the 3rd millennium BC, and distributed in the southern Konya Plain and the southwestern region of Cappadocia. While many specialists have studied this ware group, also referred to as Darbogaz vessels, detailed studies have not been conducted on the pot marks themselves. The finds from the Goltepe excavations, when combined with other research data and ethnographic/ethnoarchaeological records, have helped to classify and interpret this signage. According to our preliminary results, there is no relationship between the pot marks and vessel type, sub-ware group, or ownership. Taking into account the general characteristics of the Anatolian EBA and the production techniques of Anatolian Metallic Ware, we discuss whether the pot marks reflect quality control over the production process and serve interregional connectivity.Öğe İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak-Çömlek Üretiminde Uzmanlaşma: Güneybatı Kapadokya’nın Uzmanlaşmış Üretim Örgütlenmesine İlişkin Yorumlar(2020) Hacar, AbdullahKapadokya’da mesleki uzmanlaşma Paleolitiğin son evrelerinden itibaren görülmektedir. Hammadde kaynaklarına ulaşılabilirlik nedeniyle gelişen bu sıradışı erken dönem örnekler dışında iş bölümü ve tam zamanlı uzmanlaşmanın, ekonomik ve politik örgütlenmede görülen gelişmelerle bağlantılı olarak, aslında İlk Tunç Çağı’nda oluştuğu anlaşılmaktadır. Anadolu genelinde elde edilmiş çanak çömlek, maden ve mimari buluntular, bu dönemde uzmanlaşmış üretimin ne derecede kurumsallaştığını göstermektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan etnografik ve etnoarkeolojik çalışmalar, arkeolojik materyallerin üretim sürecinde meydana gelen izlerden yola çıkarak, buluntuların ait oldukları uzmanlaşmış üretim modelleri hakkında yeni yorumlar yapılmasına imkan sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, değişik uzman örgütlenme modellerini yansıtabilecek üç farklı çanak çömlek türü değerlendirilmekte, etnografik ve etnoarkeolojik çalışmalarda yapılan yeni çözümlemeler ve tanımlar ışığında, İlk Tunç Çağı’nın uzman üretim örgütlenmesinin niteliğine ilişkin yorumlar yapılmaktadır.Öğe İlk Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen Anadolu metalik çanak çömleğine ilişkin yeni bilgiler: Göltepe buluntuları(2017) Hacar, AbdullahGöltepe, excavated under the direction of A. Yener between 1990 and 1993, and the Kestel Mine, whose excavation began in 1987, have both allowed us to review our knowledge about mining in the 3rd millennium B.C. Göltepe and Kestel are located in the mountainous area to the north of the Central Taurus Mountains within the borders of Celaller Village, Çamardı County, Niğde (Figs. 1-3). The two sites are approximately two kilometers from each other. The sites of Göltepe and Kestel Mine are in mountainous terrain approximately 1700-2000 m. above sea level. One of the rare natural passages providing transportation between the regions, the Ecemiş corridor created by the Ecemiş fault line fracture connects Central Anatolia to Cilicia and, by extension, to the entire Near East (Figs. 1, 4). Due to this geographical structure, prehistoric cultures of Central Anatolia were able to experience their own cultural development without being excessively influenced by the evolved cultures of the Near East. As of 2012, studies resumed on the wares of the Göltepe settlement located in such a critical area. Among the wares of the Early Bronze Age, a certain group identified as “Anatolian Metallic Wares” stands out both in terms of quantity and quality. Vessels of this group of wares feature angular profiles, omphalos bases, and thin, hard walls. Apart from all these features, they are distinguished from other groups of contemporaneous ware by the decorative paint on the exterior. Besides locations to the north of Central Taurus Mountains, vessels of this ware group have so far been discovered in surface studies conducted in Konya and Cilicia, as well as in the excavations of Tarsus, Kilisetepe, Acemhöyük, Kültepe, and Topak Höyük, albeit in fewer numbers. Many of the vessels unearthed in settlements considerably far from these are quite similar, both in terms of form and production technique. The significant number of Anatolian metallic ware examples obtained in the Göltepe excavations has yielded new data on the said ware’s emergence, production, and period of use, as well as quantity in the mountainous terrain. Particularly, the fractured pieces with production flaws indicate that vessels in this group went through a production process that encompassed certain standardized stages and that they were manufactured by a specialized segment of society. If these new characteristics observed in the production of the ware are evaluated in light of metal production and the natural passages in the region, it becomes quite evident that they reflect the transformation in the social structure of the period. The indications of “specialization” and “control” observed in Anatolian metallic wares can thus simultaneously be interpreted as indicators of a newly formed economic, social, and political structure as well.Öğe Middle Chalcolithic expansion into the highlands of the north-central Taurus, south-western Cappadocia(Cambridge University Press, 2019) Hacar, Abdullah; Tektaş, Murat; Egeci, Hadiye Simge; Johnson, MichaelSince 2017, a survey has been underway in the north-central Taurus Mountains in southwestern Cappadocia. The project aims to collect data that will enable analysis of the cultural developments and transformations of the region from the Neolithic to the end of the Early Bronze Age. Our initial evaluation of Middle Chalcolithic material, which is the subject of this article, began with a re-evaluation of finds obtained by Aslıhan Yener between 1987 and 1996 during a survey of the north-central Taurus (Yener 2000). At the lowest levels excavated inside Kestel Mine, and among the surface materials of the two settlements close to Kestel Mine (Çardacık-Karatepeler and Mahmatlı-Boztepe), Middle Chalcolithic finds were identified that are much more common in the western Cappadocian plateau. This raised several questions for further investigation. Primarily, what does identification of western Cappadocian Middle Chalcolithic cultural materials in the highlands of the north-central Taurus reveal about the cultural relationship between the two regions? Could this relationship be related to mining? And is there a possibility that mining activities began in the central Taurus during the Middle Chalcolithic period? In light of evidence for extractive metallurgy at the nearby sites of Köskhöyük (level I) and Mersin-Yumuktepe (level XVI) during the Middle ? Chalcolithic, this possibility deserves serious consideration (Yalçın 2000; Öztan 2002).Öğe New Information on the Anatolian Metallic Ware Dated to the Early Bronze Age(Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2017) Hacar, AbdullahGoltepe, excavated under the direction of A. Yener between 1990 and 1993, and the Kestel Mine, whose excavation began in 1987, have both allowed us to review our knowledge about mining in the 3rd millennium B.C. Goltepe and Kestel are located in the mountainous area to the north of the Central Taurus Mountains within the borders of Celaller Village, camardi County, Nigde (Figs. 1-3). The two sites are approximately two kilometers from each other. The sites of Goltepe and Kestel Mine are in mountainous terrain approximately 1700-2000 m. above sea level. One of the rare natural passages providing transportation between the regions, the Ecemis corridor created by the Ecemis fault line fracture connects Central Anatolia to Cilicia and, by extension, to the entire Near East (Figs. 1, 4). Due to this geographical structure, prehistoric cultures of Central Anatolia were able to experience their own cultural development without being excessively influenced by the evolved cultures of the Near East. As of 2012, studies resumed on the wares of the Goltepe settlement located in such a critical area. Among the wares of the Early Bronze Age, a certain group identified as Anatolian Metallic Wares stands out both in terms of quantity and quality. Vessels of this group of wares feature angular profiles, omphalos bases, and thin, hard walls. Apart from all these features, they are distinguished from other groups of contemporaneous ware by the decorative paint on the exterior. Besides locations to the north of Central Taurus Mountains, vessels of this ware group have so far been discovered in surface studies conducted in Konya and Cilicia, as well as in the excavations of Tarsus, Kilisetepe, Acemhoyuk, Kultepe, and Topak Hoyuk, albeit in fewer numbers. Many of the vessels unearthed in settlements considerably far from these are quite similar, both in terms of form and production technique. The significant number of Anatolian metallic ware examples obtained in the Goltepe excavations has yielded new data on the said ware's emergence, production, and period of use, as well as quantity in the mountainous terrain. Particularly, the fractured pieces with production flaws indicate that vessels in this group went through a production process that encompassed certain standardized stages and that they were manufactured by a specialized segment of society. If these new characteristics observed in the production of the ware are evaluated in light of metal production and the natural passages in the region, it becomes quite evident that they reflect the transformation in the social structure of the period. The indications of specialization and control observed in Anatolian metallic wares can thus simultaneously be interpreted as indicators of a newly formed economic, social, and political structure as well.Öğe Orta Torosların Kuzey Sınırında Orta-Geç Kalkolitik Geçiş Süreci: Ubaid-İlişkili (?) Etkiler(2020) Hacar, Abdullah2017 yılında başlanılan Niğde İli Dağlık Alan Yüzey Araştırması’nın 2018-2019 yılları çalışmalarında Orta Toroslar’ın Bor Ovası’na ulaşan kuzey etekleri araştırılmıştır. Bu alanda yapılan incelemelerde projenin öncelikli amaçları arasında yer alan Kalkolitik ve İlk Tunç Çağı’na ilişkin önemli bulgular elde edilmiştir. Bunlardan en dikkat çekeni Orta Anadolu’nun geleneksel ince ve açkılı mal gruplarından farklılık gösteren ve literatürde Coba Kasesi olarak adlandırılan, çanak-çömlekte ilk kez seri üretime işaret eden kaba, açık renkli ve tarazlı/scraped yüzeye sahip kaseler ile Saman Yüzlü Sıkma Boyunlu Çömleklerin tespit edilmesidir. Benzer buluntular Ubaid yayılımı ile ilişkili olarak daha çok Kuzey Mezopotamya, Doğu Anadolu ve Kuzey Suriye yerleşmelerinde, üç kısımlı/bölümlü (tripartite) yapılar, labret’ler, token’lar, mühür ve mühür baskıları ile birlikte değişen sosyo-ekonomik ve politik örgütlenmenin işaretleri olarak Geç Ubaid evresinden itibaren görülmektedir. Orta Anadolu’nun güneyinde, giderek artan sayıda arkeolojik alanda tespit edilen Ubaid-ilişkili (?) buluntular, Orta Anadolu’nun yanı sıra Yakın Doğu Kalkolitiğine ilişkin mevcut değerlendirme ve yorumları büyük oranda değiştirecek/geliştirecek niteliktedir. Bu çalışmada, Orta Anadolu’nun Geç Kalkolitiğe geçiş sürecine ilişkin, Orta Torosların kuzey sınırından elde edilen yeni bulgular paylaşılacak ve bu bulguların Yakın Doğu Kalkolitiği için ne anlama geldiği tartışılacaktır.Öğe Possible links between the highland regions North of The Central Taurus and West Cappadocia in the Middle Chalcolithic Period (6th and 5th Millennium BC)(TÜBA, 2017) Hacar, AbdullahWhen the data obtained from recent archaeological studies concerning the Middle Chalcolithic Period in west Cappadocia are put together, the results are often illuminating. A re-evaluation of finds from Kestel Mine and the northern Taurus survey carried out by Aslıhan Yener, during the years 1987-1996, made it possible to reveal the bigger picture. The cultural patterns of the Middle Chalcolithic Period are quite well-known not only due to Güvercinkayası I-II and Köşk Höyük I but also to the layers in Canhasan I 2A/B in the Karaman district and Mersin-Yumuktepe XVI in the Anatolian south coast. All remains that are present in the area point to a culturally and perhaps socio-politically linked community structure which had shared certain standards in the types of settlements, styles of architecture and pottery production. They also maintained similar storage and goods preservation practices. Contrary to earlier assumptions, the relatively contemporary material that was found in the highland regions in the north Central Taurus indicates that the community structure during this period may have had a more complex organization pattern. The sites of Kestel mine, and two close settlements (Çardacık-Karatepeler and Mahmatlı-Boztepe) could provide evidence for the possibility that the Middle Chalcolithic communities had a system that utilized surplus products effectively and thus developed craft specialization.Öğe Specialization in Early Bronze Age Pottery Production: Interpretations on the Organization of the Specialized Production in Southwest Cappadocia(Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2020) Hacar, AbdullahIn Cappadocia, craft specialization has been observed from the end of the Paleolithic. Apart from such extraordinary early examples, which probably developed due to the local availability of raw materials, it is understood that division of labor and full-time specialization actually occurred during the Early Bronze Age, in connection with developments in economic and political organization. In this period, pottery, metal and architectural findings throughout Anatolia show that specialized production had become more institutionalized than ever. In this study, three distinctive pottery ware groups are evaluated that reflect the specialized production models of the period. In the analysis of these ceramics, it is understood that each group reflects different production models. In this study, the nature of the organization of specialized production in the Early Bronze Age will be interpreted in light of new definitions and analysis in ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological studies.
