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    Co-occurrence and risk assessment of ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in tortillas
    (SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2025) Afacan, FO; Odabaş, E; Yussuf, NH; Kabak, B
    The presence of mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON), in tortillas raises potential food safety concerns, particularly in regions where these products constitute a dietary staple. In the present study, the natural occurrence and concentrations of OTA and DON were determined in commercially available tortillas in Turkey. A total of 84 tortilla samples were analysed using an in-house validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. OTA was detected in 25% of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.079 to 0.93 mu g/kg, all of which remained below the European Union maximum level (EU ML) of 3 mu g/kg. DON was found in 10.7% of the samples, with concentrations between 13.1 and 158 mu g/kg, also within the EU ML of 400 mu g/kg. Co-occurrence of OTA and DON was observed in three samples. These findings highlight considered variability among products, likely attributable to differences in raw material quality, environmental conditions, and post-harvest handling practices. This variability underscores the need for enhanced regulatory surveillance, improved storage conditions, and the implementation of optimised processing technologies. Furthermore, the estimated dietary exposure levels for both OTA and DON were found to pose no significant health risks under current consumption patterns.
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    Öğe
    Pesticide residues in peaches and nectarines: Three-year monitoring data and risk assessment
    (ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2025) Keklik, M; Gölge, O; González-Curbelo, MA; Kabak, B
    Peaches and nectarines suffer from various diseases annually, prompting widespread pesticide use for pest management. As a result, pesticide residues remain a notable concern for food safety. This study assessed 474 pesticide residues in peaches and nectarines consumed in Turkey, analyzing 459 samples (164 peaches and 295 nectarines) over three harvest seasons (2021-2023). Using a validated method based on QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, in compliance with the European SANTE/11312/2021 Guideline, residues were found in 71.3% of peaches and 71.9% of nectarines. Multiple residues were more prevalent in peaches (49.4%) than nectarines (37.6%), with 12.8% of peaches and 5.8% of nectarines exceeding maximum residue levels. Peaches contained 40 different residues, including 12 unapproved in the European Union, while nectarines had 35 residues, 13 unapproved. Common residues included thiophanate-methyl, acetamiprid, and boscalid. Hazard Index values (0.49% for adults, 0.60% for children) indicated no significant health risk from chronic pesticide exposure through peach and nectarine consumption among Turks.