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    A potential threat to black figs intended for export from Turkey: Ethephon
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2021) Gormez, Emrah; Golge, Ozgur; Dincay, Orhan; Kabak, Bulent
    The analysis of highly polar pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables has become a controversial issue in the last decade. This report shows the results of highly polar pesticide residues (ethephon, fosetyl aluminium (fosetyl-Al) and phosphonic acid) monitoring on black figs intended for export from Turkey. From 2017-2020, a total of 9237 black fig samples were analysed for ethephon, fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid residues using the Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method. The method has shown to have sufficiently low limits of quantification with respect to EU Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The obtained recovery and precision parameters fulfil the requirements in SANTE/11813/2017 Guideline. The 16.8 % of black fig samples were detected with ethephon at quantifiable concentrations but below the EU MRL of 3 mg kg- 1. The concentration of ethephon ranged between 0.005 and 2.47 mg kg- 1. However, no quantifiable residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were detected in any black fig samples.
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    A preliminary assessment of dietary exposure of ochratoxin A in Central Anatolia Region, Turkey
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Kulahi, Ayca; Kabak, Bulent
    The aim of this study was to determine dietary exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA) in Turkish adults. In this study, 500 food samples (50 rice, 50 wheat bread, 50 pasta, 50 raisins, 50 dried figs, 50 pistachios, 50 hazelnuts, 50 almonds, 50 chilli, 25 coffee, and 25 cocoa) collected from Turkey were analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Moreover, a total of 370 analytical results (110 cereal-based snacks, 95 wine, 35 beer, and 130 chocolate) collected from our previous observations were also used in the evaluation of exposure estimates. OTA was found in 52% of cocoa, 42% of raisins, 40% of coffee, 34% of chilli, 14% of dried figs, 10% of pasta, 8% of pistachios, 6% of wheat bread, 4% of rice, and 4% of hazelnuts. The chronic dietary exposure to OTA for Turkish adults, using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) concentrations, varied from 0.683 to 4.487 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) per week for mean estimate and from 3.976 to 5.760 ng/kg b.w. per week for the 95th percentile (P95) estimate. Cereals and cereal-based products made the largest contribution (75.3-85.7%) to OTA exposure. Both mean and P95 chronic exposure to OTA were greatly below the tolerable weekly intake of 120 ng/kg b.w. per week and thus not a health concern for Turkish adults.
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    Aflatoxins in almonds: Monitoring and exposure assessment
    (Wiley, 2019) Kanik, Tugce; Kabak, Bulent
    Aflatoxins (AFs) are naturally occurring contaminants classified as human carcinogens. This article describes presence and concentrations of AFs in both raw and roasted almonds collected from Turkey from September 2017 to February 2018. Long-term exposure to AFs was then calculated using the per capita consumption of almonds and the concentration of AFs in almonds. AFs were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The analytical method fulfilled the requirements on method performance according to Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006. AFs were detected in 15% of almonds, but at levels far below the European Union (EU) maximum levels (MLs). The long-term mean exposure to AFB(1) and total AFs via the consumption of almonds for Turkish consumer were calculated as 0.0019 and 0.0021 ng kg(-1) b.w. day(-1) at the lower bound, and 0.0043 and 0.0067 ng kg(-1) b.w. day(-1) at the upper bound, respectively. Practical applications The present work was focused on aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2)) contamination levels of raw and roasted almond kernels consumed in Turkey. The exposure assessment of general Turkish population to AFs through the consumption of almonds was also assessed. This study underlines the importance of periodic monitoring studies to provide a high level of food safety. This is the first report on exposure to AFs through the consumption of almond kernels for Turkish consumers.
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    Aflatoxins in foodstuffs: Occurrence and risk assessment in Turkey
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2021) Kabak, Bulent
    This study aims to determine dietary exposure to aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) and the sum of aflatoxins (AFT) for the Turkish population and assess the risks to human health related to aflatoxins. A total of 1473 results on five main food categories commercialised in Turkey in 2002-2019 were used in the risk assessment. In the adult population, the mean middle bound (MB) exposure levels were 0.433 ng kg(-1) b.w. per day for AFB(1) and 0.511 ng kg(-1) b.w. per day for AFT. The 95th percentile dietary exposure of AFB(1) and AFT was estimated at 1.19 and 1.29 ng kg(-1) b.w. per day, respectively. Pistachios (44.4 %) made the highest contribution to mean AFB(1) exposure in Turkish adults, followed by maize/maize flour (16.2 %), groundnuts (13.8 %), chilli (10.1 %), walnuts (4.9 %), hazelnuts (4.0 %), chocolate (3.9 %) and others (2.7 %). The margin of exposure (MOE) estimates for mean and 95th percentile exposures to AFB(1) are considerably lower than 10 000, which raises a potential health concern for Turkish adults.
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    Assessment of dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and fumonisin in the population of infants and toddlers in Turkey
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Kirimker, Saziye Ezgi; Turksoy, Secil; Kabak, Bulent
    This study aims to estimate dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and fumonisins (FBs) of infants and toddlers in Turkey. A total of 75 processed cereal-based foods intended for infants and toddlers collected between July and October 2018, were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DON was determined in 21.3% of samples with mean middle bound (MB) level of 28.4 mu g/kg. Of the 16 quantifiable samples, only one showed values above 200 mu g/kg. Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) was detected at quantifiable levels only in three samples, while FB2 was not found in any sample. Estimated mean MB chronic dietary exposures to DON in infants and toddlers were 0.161 and 0.118 mu g/kg b.w. per day, while 95th percentile (P95) MB exposures to DON were estimated at 0.564 and 0.414 mu g/kg b.w. per day, respectively. Mean MB dietary exposures to FBs for infants and toddlers, respectively, were 0.093 and 0.068 mu g/kg b.w. per day; P95 exposure estimates were 0.079 and 0.058 mu g/kg b.w. per day. Both for DON and FBs, mean and P95 exposures of infants and toddlers did not exceeded the threshold level of 1 mu g/kg b.w. per day and are therefore not of health concern.
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    Chemical Hazards in Foods
    (Springer International Publishing Ag, 2019) Tanguler, Hasan; Kabak, Bulent
    This extensive chapter focuses on chemical hazards that have increased dramatically because of the economic development in various sectors including agriculture, food processing, industry and transport. Chemical hazards in food chain pose a wide range of health risks varying from irritation to chronic diseases and cancer. Moreover, exposure to a combination of chemical hazards may be associated with additive, antagonistic, and synergistic interactions. Thus it is necessary to monitor their concentrations in food and reduce exposure to consumers. The well compiled chapter includes occurrence, detection, legislation, toxicity and risk assessment of a variety of chemicals of both natural and man-made origin.
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    Determination of more than 500 Pesticide Residues in Hen Eggs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS/MS)
    (Korean Soc Food Science Animal Resources, 2021) Golge, Ozgur; Liman, Turan; Kabak, Bulent
    This study aims to validate a fast method of simultaneous analysis of 365 LC-amenable and 142 GC-amenable pesticides in hen eggs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), respectively, operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition modes. The sample preparation was based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction. Key method performance parameters investigated were specificity, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision and measurement uncertainty. The method was validated at two spiking levels (10 and 50 mu g/kg), and good recoveries (70%-120%) and relative standard deviations (RSDs) (<= 20) were achieved for 92.9% of LC-amenable and 86.6% of GC-amenable pesticide residues. The LOQs were <= 10 mu g/kg for 94.2% of LC-amenable and 92.3% of GC-amenable pesticides. The validated method was further applied to 100 egg samples from caged hens, and none of the pesticides was quantified.
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    Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in cereals and cereal products from Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Golge, Ozgur; Kabak, Bulent
    This report describes concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in cereals and derived products collected in Turkey from 2015 to 2018. A total of 240 cereals and cereal products were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) and fluorescence (HPLC-FLD) detectors. The analytical method performance was satisfactory, with limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 46.90-72.30 mu g kg(-1), and 3.50-3.70 mu g kg(-1) for DON and ZEA, respectively. Thirteen wheat (58-1092 mu g kg(-1)), two maize (313-331 mu g kg(-1)), three barley (138-973 mu g kg(-1)), seven paddy rice (136-256 mu g kg(-1)), three wheat flour (92-151 mu g kg(-1)), two biscuits (31.2-71.3 mu g kg(-1)) and only one pasta (49.3 mu g kg(-1)) contained DON, but levels were below the EU maximum level (ML). DON was not detected in bulgur and wheat bread. ZEA was found in two wheat, three maize, eleven paddy rice and two wheat flour with a mean middle bound ZEA level of 1.34, 28.0, 42.9, and 2.66 mu g kg(-1), respectively. Amongst the samples contaminated with ZEA, only one paddy rice exceeded EU ML of 100 mu g kg(-1). However, barley, bulgur, wheat bread, pasta and biscuit products did not contain ZEA.
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    Quantification of deoxynivalenol and -fumonisins in cereals and derived products by high-performance liquid chromatography
    (M H Schaper Gmbh Co Kg, 2021) Sahin, Hilal Zeynep; Kabak, Bulent
    Mycotoxins are toxic, hazardous chemicals that affect human and animal health. The most common problem that importers are facing when importing cereals from main supplying countries is contamination with mycotoxins. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) in cereals and derived products. A total of 225 samples (60 wheat, 60 maize, 40 rice, 40 pasta and 25 maize chip) collected from Turkey were analysed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. The method performance was satisfactory and allowed to quantify target analytes accurately. DON was determined in 6.7% of wheat samples with a range of 158-653 mu g/kg. Only two rice and two pasta samples contain trace amounts of DON, while no DON was detected in maize and maize chip products. Eleven maize samples (18.3%) contained fumonisin B-1 (FB1), but levels (125-830 mu g/kg) were below the European Union maximum level of 4000 mu g/kg. FB1 was not detected in any wheat and rice sample, but it was detected in just one pasta and one maize chip sample. It is recommended to further monitoring both of free and modified Fusarium toxins in cereals and derived products throughout Turkey.
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    Quantification of fosetyl-aluminium/phosphonic acid and other highly polar residues in pomegranates using Quick Polar Pesticides method involving liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement
    (Elsevier, 2021) Gormez, Emrah; Golge, Ozgur; Kabak, Bulent
    Interest in the quantification of highly polar substances in crops has noticeably increased in the last five years. This study was designed to assess quantification of six polar residues, chlorate, ethephon, fosetlyaluminium (fosetyl-Al), glyphosate, phosphonic acid and perchlorate. A total of 2513 pomegranate samples intended for export from Turkey were analysed using the Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method. The method was in-house validated with very good performance results. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for residues were much lower than the respective EU Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). Phosphonic acid was detected in 38.5% of pomegranate samples at quantifiable concentrations, calculated as fosetyl-Al. The concentrations ranged between 0.005 and 12.9 mg kg(-1) . The 20% of pomegranate samples showed fosetyl-Al levels above the EU MRL of 2 mg kg(-1) . Other polar residues were not detected in any pomegranate samples. This is the first report about highly polar pesticides in pomegranates cultivated in Turkey. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Quantification of pesticide residues in gherkins by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2021) Golge, Ozgur; Cinpolat, Seren; Kabak, Bulent
    The monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is a great concern in public health and international trade. This study aims to assess the incidence and quantification of pesticides in gherkins cultivated in Turkey. The sample preparation was based on QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction. The residues were determined by in-house validated methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This study included 109 pesticide residues, of which 85 were analysed by LC-MS/MS, and 24 were analysed by GC-MS/MS. Key method performance parameters investigated were linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision and measurement uncertainty. The LOQs ranged from 0.002 to 0.005 mg kg(-1). Of the 203 gherkin samples analysed, 57.6 % were free from the detectable level of residues. In 42.4 % of the samples, 15 different residues were found in measurable levels, of which 5 were non-approved in EU. Multiple pesticide residues were recorded in 17.2 % of the samples. In 7.9 % of the gherkin samples, the residue levels exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Among the residues, chlorothalonil (detected in 32 % of the samples), acetamiprid (16.3 %) and metalaxyl (and its enantiomer metalaxyl-M) (4.9 %) were the most frequently quantified pesticides.