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Öğe An Evaluation of the Effects of Two Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocols on Depression/AnxietyRelated Behavior in Male Rats(2019) Şahin, Zafer; Özkürkçüler, Alpaslan; Koç, Aynur; Solak, Hatice; Koca, Raviye Özen; Çakan, Pınar; Kutlu, SelimObjective: The effect of acute and chronic stress models on depression and/or anxiety-like behavior in rodents has been widely studied, but with contradictory results. This may be due to differences in the sex and age of the animals studied or inherent differences in the stress models used. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of two immobilization stress protocols on depression/anxiety-like behaviors in adult male rats. Materials and Methods: Adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) comprising: control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for a period of ten days), and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for a period of ten days). Stress-related behavior was evaluated by means of the open field and forced swim tests. In addition, change in body weight, fasting blood glucose, and serum corticosterone were measured. Results: In the open field test, the percentage of time spent in the central area and mean velocity were significantly lower in the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups as compared to the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Movement ratios were lower in both immobilization stress groups than in the control group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). In the forced swim test, the duration of swimming, climbing and immobility behavior in both immobilization stress protocols did not differ from the control group. Serum corticosterone levels were higher in the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups than in the control group (p <0.05), but no overt differences were determined in the percentage change in body weight or the fasting blood glucose level between the stress protocol groups and the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We may conclude that immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 protocols do not cause depression-like behavior in adult male rats. However, anxiety-like behaviors predominated in both stress protocol groups.Öğe Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats(Hogrefe Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020) Sahin, Z.; Ozkurkculer, A.; Kalkan, O.F.; Ozkaya, A.; Koç, Aynur; Koca, R.O.; Kutlu, S.Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows (n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 ± 0.41% and 6.28 ± 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 ± 0.41 and 3.85 ± 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 ± 5.87 s and 44.92 ± 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 ± 0.49%, 5.37 ± 0.44 and 15.3 ± 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 ± 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 ± 0.16 ppm, 179.31 ± 1.87 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 ± 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 ± 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 ± 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 ± 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 ± 1.87 ppm, 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, 327.25 ± 8.35 ppb and 2.45 ± 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain. © 2020 Hogrefe Verlag.Öğe Comparison of the Effects of Immobilization Stress and Chronic Mild Stress Models on Depression-Related Behaviors in Female Rats: An Assessment of a 10-Day Stress Period(2019) Şahin, Zafer; Koca, Raviye Özen; Solak, Hatice; Özkürkçüler, Alpaslan; Koç, Aynur; Kalkan, Ömer Faruk; Kutlu, SelimObjective: This study was designed to compare the depression-related behavior-inducing potentials of 10-day immobilization stress and chronic mild stress in adult female rats. Materials and Methods: Adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) as control, immobilization stress (45 minutes per day) and chronic mild stress. Both stress protocols were applied for a period of 10 days. Behavioral tests were performed when the rats were in diestrus. Results: In the forced swimming test, immobility behavior in the immobilization stress group and chronic mild stress group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in swimming behavior in the immobilization stress and chronic mild stress groups compared to the control group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). In the open field test, the percentage of time spent in the central area was lower, and latency in the central area was longer in the immobilization stress group (P<0.05). The frequency of the rearing behavior in the immobilization stress group was lower than the control group (P<0.01). The percentage of body weight change was significantly higher in the chronic mild stress group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: We suggest that the depression-related behavior-inducing potential of the chronic mild stress model is more prominent than the immobilization stress model by means of 10-day stress protocol in female rats. However, our chronic mild stress protocol might have some risks in animals during the pregnancy and postpartum period due to significant weight loss.Öğe Investigation of Effects of Two Chronic Stress Protocols on Depression-Like Behaviors and Brain Mineral Levels in Female Rats: an Evaluation of 7-Day Immobilization Stress(Humana Press Inc, 2021) Sahin, Z.; Ozkurkculer, A.; Kalkan, O. F.; Ozkaya, A.; Koç, Aynur; Koca, R. Ozen; Kutlu, S.We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on depression-related behaviors and brain mineral levels. Adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups as follows (n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 min daily for 7 days), and immobilization stress-2 (45 min twice a day for 7 day). Stress-related behavior was evaluated by means of the forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT). Minerals were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. In the FST, swimming and immobility were significantly lower in the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups. The climbing duration of the immobilization stress-2 group was higher than the control group. In the OFT, percentage of time spent in the central area was significantly lower in the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups. Values of latency to center area, rearing, and grooming did not significantly differ between groups. In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc was lower, and iron, copper, and manganese were higher than the control group. In the immobilization stress-2 group, copper and manganese were higher, and phosphate was lower than the control group. Our results showed that depression-related behaviors were more dominant in the immobilization stress-1 group. A decrease in the brain zinc level was valid only for the immobilization stress-1 group. These results point to the role of low brain zinc levels in the pathophysiology of depression.
