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    Inspiratory muscle warm up improves 400 m performance in elite male runners
    (NATURE PORTFOLIO, 2025) Yılmaz, YA; Tosun, MI; Demirkan, E; Can, S; Özkan, A; Arıcı, M; Kutlu, M; Ayrancı, M; Markovic, M; Arıcı, İE; Güneş, MO; Kowalski, T
    This study sought to establish an optimal inspiratory warm-up (IWU) protocol for elite 400-meter athletes. It addresses the existing gap in sprint-specific research and provides practical applications for coaches and athletes aiming to optimize sprint running performance. Across four weeks, 13 elite male runners (age: 22.7 +/- 2, personal best: 50.78 +/- 0.65 s) performed four 400-meter time trials after different warm-up protocols in a randomized order. Assessments of various respiratory variables [maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), inhaled volume (IV)] and selected physiological indices [heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (bLa)] were performed before and after the time trials. Analysis of variance with a significance level of p < 0.05 was applied. Incorporating IWU into a standard running warm-up resulted in a similar to 0.38-second faster 400-meter time trial in elite male sprinters (p < 0.001). The most effective IWU protocols, associated with the fastest run splits, consist of two sets of 30 dynamic inspiratory maneuvers performed with pressure threshold loading at 40% or 60% of MIP resistance. These protocols exhibited a positive influence on selected respiratory indices and significantly lowered post-run lactate concentrations compared to the athletic warm-up and sham protocol. IWU with 40% MIP resistance was associated with lower post-run HR compared to other protocols. IWU using pressure threshold loading at either 40% or 60% of MIP can be beneficial for elite male sprinters. While 40% MIP appears to support faster recovery, a higher intensity at 60% MIP shows greater effectiveness in enhancing 400-meter sprint performance. Future research should explore IWU applications across broader populations and conditions, including female athletes, various hypoxic environments, and temperature variations.
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    Öğe
    Post-training breakdown: acute effects of different training types on body hydration status and performance
    (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Demirkan, E; Tosun, MI; Kaplan, A; Ayrancı, M; Cosmin, DG; Arıcı, M; Kutlu, M; Aslan, V; Favre, M
    Objective Wrestling is a complex sport that requires a combination of strength, endurance, and wrestling-specific technical training. Endurance activities, such as running, are commonly performed for rapid weight reduction before competition. However, these activities can severely disrupt recovery and lead to significant declines in performance. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of endurance, strength, and wrestling training sessions on hydration status and performance parameters in young wrestlers, providing insights to guide more effective hydration and recovery strategies. Method A total of 14 experienced young wrestlers participated in a crossover design, completing endurance, strength, and wrestling training sessions on separate days. The hydration status was assessed through urine specific gravity (USG) before and after each session. The performance measures included hand grip strength, back and leg strength tests, anaerobic power (vertical and horizontal jumps), respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure, MIP), and reaction time assessments. Results The endurance training caused the most significant acute reductions in the hydration (USG increase: 0.016 +/- 0.005 g/cm3, p < 0.05) and body mass (BM; -1.89 +/- 0.4%, p < 0.05), along with immediate performance decrements in the back strength (-7.02 +/- 1.2%, p < 0.001), right-hand grip strength (-8.79 +/- 2.1%, p < 0.001), jump height (-7.26 +/- 1.8%, p < 0.001), and MIP (-9.01 +/- 2.3%, p < 0.001). The hydration levels in the endurance group did not fully recover by the next day (USG post-training vs. before the next day's training: p < 0.05). In contrast, the strength training improved the reaction time before the next day's session (+5.6 +/- 1.3%, p < 0.05), while the attention remained unaffected across all training types. Conclusion Endurance training-commonly used for rapid weight loss-can acutely compromise hydration and reduce key performance measures, with recovery taking more time compared to strength or wrestling sessions. Given these findings, endurance sessions should be strategically scheduled before rest days or low-intensity technical training to minimize their negative effects on subsequent performance. Implementing enhanced hydration strategies during endurance-focused sessions may also help mitigate these acute impacts and optimize recovery and performance in young wrestlers.
  • [ X ]
    Öğe
    Respiratory muscle training improves aerobic capacity and respiratory muscle strength in youth wrestlers
    (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2025) Tosun, MI; Demirkan, E; Kaplan, A; Yılmaz, YA; Arıcı, İE; Favre, M; Aslan, V; Kutlu, M
    Background: Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has shown potential for enhancing athletic performance, but its effectiveness, in youth wrestlers, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of RMT on respiratory muscle strength and aerobic endurance in youth wrestlers. Methods: A parallel-grouperal was conducted across 22 male youth wrestlers aged 14.8 +/- 0.4 years. Participants were assigned to an experimental(E) group (n = 11), which received RMT in addition to their regular wrestling training, or a control(C) group (n = 11), which continued with standard wrestling training only. The RMT was performed three times a week using the POWERbreathe Classic Blue (R) device at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). Pre- and post-intervention measurements included MIP, peak inspiratory flow (PIF), inspiratory volume (IV), and aerobic endurance assessed by the Yo-Yo Endurance Level 1 test (YYT). Results: Significant improvements were observed in the E group, with MIP increasing by 9.57%, PIF by 14.77%, and IV by 10.46% (p < 0.05 for all). Aerobic endurance, as measured by VO2max and total running distance, also significantly improved by 4.93% and 8.22%, respectively (p < 0.05). The C group showed smaller yet significant gains in MIP, PIF, and VO2max but no significant change in IV. Conclusion: The addition of RMT to traditional wrestling training significantly enhances respiratory muscle strength and aerobic endurance in youth wrestlers. These results suggest that RMT may be an effective complementary training method to improve athletic performance in this population.