Efficient Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Water Using High-Surface-Area Activated Carbon Derived from Rice Husks: Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Evaluation

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dc.contributor.authorDemirdağ, E
dc.contributor.authorDemirel, MF
dc.contributor.authorBenek, V
dc.contributor.authorDoğru, E
dc.contributor.authorÖnal, Y
dc.contributor.authorAlkan, MH
dc.contributor.authorErol, K
dc.contributor.authorAlacabey, I
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-31T13:21:02Z
dc.date.available2026-03-31T13:21:02Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractActivated carbon is widely recognized as an effective material for removing pollutants, especially pharmaceutical residues, from water. In this study, high-surface-area activated carbon derived from rice husks (RHAC) was synthesized via KOH activation and used for the adsorption of ciprofloxacin, a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Its adsorption behavior was systematically investigated through batch experiments varying the pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature. The RHAC exhibited a high surface area of 1539.7 m(2)/g and achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 398.4 mgg(-1). The Freundlich isotherm best describes its adsorption equilibrium, suggesting multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Kinetic modeling revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo second-order model (R-2 = 0.9981), indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters (Delta H degrees = 6.61 kJ/mol, Delta G degrees < 0) confirmed that the process was endothermic and spontaneous. These findings demonstrate that RHAC is a highly efficient, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent for removing ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/molecules30122501
dc.identifier.issn1420-3049
dc.identifier.issue12
dc.identifier.pmid40572467
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules30122501
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11491/9482
dc.identifier.volume30
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001515824300001
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.ispartofMOLECULES
dc.subjectactivated carbon
dc.subjectadsorption
dc.subjectantibiotic pollution
dc.subjectciprofloxacin
dc.subjectrice husk
dc.titleEfficient Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Water Using High-Surface-Area Activated Carbon Derived from Rice Husks: Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Evaluation
dc.typeArticle

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