Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: Why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa
[ X ]
Tarih
2016
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Wiley-Liss Inc.
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
Özet
Males are universally reported to possess larger facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) than females, however, this observation oversimplifies the raw data yielding an underpowered assessment of FSTT sex-patterning where: differences are small (?2 < 5%) and inconsistent (females are routinely larger than males at the cheeks). Here we investigate body-size normalized data to assess whether more general and improved understanding of FSTT sex-variation in humans is possible. FSTTs were measured in 52 healthy living Australians aged 18 to 30 years using B-mode ultrasound. Participants' stature and body mass were also measured. Sex differences were calculated before and after normalization by the aforementioned body-composition variables. Methods were repeated in three other independent samples to evaluate reproducibility: 100 American Whites and 60 American Blacks measured by B-mode ultrasound; and 50 Turkish residents measured by regular supine CT. Compared to raw mean differences (F < M, by ?6%), females displayed much thicker FSTTs than males when normalized for body mass (F > M, by +16%). Consequently, while the sexes share similar raw values, females possess much larger FSTTs for their relatively lighter bodies. The relative FSTT difference was 2.7× larger than the raw mean difference. Sex differences in FSTT are of larger magnitude and reversed direction in mass normalized data. Contrary to popular thought, females possess much larger FSTTs than males owing to their generically lighter bodies (?18 kg). These data patterns help explain why the pooling of sex-categorized FSTT does not jeopardize the sex-difference—it is encoded more strongly in terms relative to body mass. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Body Scale, Facial Approximation, Sexual Dimorphism, Soft Tissue Depth, Video Superimposition
Kaynak
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
WoS Q Değeri
N/A
Scopus Q Değeri
N/A
Cilt
161
Sayı
2
Künye
Stephan, C. N., Preisler, R., Bulut, Ö., Bennett, M. (2016). Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: Why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 161(2), 283-295.
