Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Diaphragm and Abdominal Wall Muscle Thickness with Fatty Liver Density in Elderly Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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dc.contributor.authorGökçelik, E
dc.contributor.authorYılmaz, C
dc.contributor.authorBudak, C
dc.contributor.authorSoylu, HH
dc.contributor.authorBayrakdaroğlu, S
dc.contributor.authorCeylan, Hİ
dc.contributor.authorMuntean, RI
dc.contributor.authorKüçük, H
dc.contributor.authorCeylan, L
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-31T13:21:20Z
dc.date.available2026-03-31T13:21:20Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractBackground and Objectives: Post-menopausal estrogen decline is considered a contributing factor to sarcopenia, and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) may provide benefits in this demographic. This study examined the impact of a four-week IMT program on diaphragm thickness, abdominal wall muscle thickness (AWMT; transversus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique), and liver fat percentage in healthy elderly women. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six women aged 60-80 years were randomly assigned to an IMT group (n = 13) or a control group (n = 13). The IMT group used the PowerBreathe (R) Classic device at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), with weekly increments of 10%. Training was performed twice daily, five days per week, with 30 breathing cycles per session (60 per day). The control group maintained their usual routines. AWMT, diaphragm thickness (DT), and fatty liver density (FLD) were measured by a radiologist before and after the intervention. Results: After four weeks, the IMT group showed significant improvements in all parameters compared to controls. Mid-diaphragm thickness (MDT) increased by 11.44% (effect size (ES) = 0.358, p < 0.001) versus 0.76% in controls (p = 0.271). Posterior diaphragm thickness (PDT) improved by 7.48% (ES = 0.282, p < 0.001) versus 0.38% (p = 0.564). Right AWMT increased by 12.7% (ES = 0.492, p < 0.001) compared to 0.10% (p = 0.872), and left AWMT increased by 9.93% (ES = 0.395, p < 0.001) versus 2.64% (p = 0.014). FLD improved by 11.79% (ES = 0.959, p < 0.001) in the IMT group, while the control group showed no meaningful change (-0.13%, p = 0.847). Conclusions: A short-term IMT protocol significantly enhanced diaphragm and AWMT and reduced liver fat in elderly women. These findings support the use of IMT as a simple, non-invasive intervention to preserve musculoskeletal and metabolic health in aging populations.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/medicina61101784
dc.identifier.issn1010-660X
dc.identifier.issn1648-9144
dc.identifier.issue10
dc.identifier.pmid41155771
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101784
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11491/9691
dc.identifier.volume61
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001603820900001
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.ispartofMEDICINA-LITHUANIA
dc.subjectelderly women
dc.subjecthealth
dc.subjectabdominal muscle
dc.subjectexercise
dc.subjectdiaphragm
dc.subjectaging
dc.subjectinspiratory muscle training
dc.titleEffect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Diaphragm and Abdominal Wall Muscle Thickness with Fatty Liver Density in Elderly Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
dc.typeArticle

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